food security

Ministerial Session of the 2021 UN Food Systems Pre-Summit

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The Ministerial Roundtable of the 2021 UN Food Systems Pre-Summit explored the interlinkages between Rio conventions on Biodiversity, Climate Change and Desertification, as well as their positions in supporting the transformation of the food systems.

The session was commenced by Mr. Jean-Yves Le Drian, France Minister for Europe and Foreign Affairs, who highlighted the inseparable relationship between climate change and the current socio-economic and environmental affairs, and urged for collective actions at all levels through the Food System Summit and the three Rio conventions to build a sustainable future for all.

A moderated roundtable with Member States followed to discuss opportunities to build synergies between the Rio conventions on the environmental issues and bring remarkable impacts on combating global hunger and malnutrition. As emphasized, unsustainable agricultural practices are the driving causes of climate change, biodiversity loss and desertification, and these impacts, in turn, exacerbate poverty, food insecurity and conflict, etc. To break the vicious circle, all stressed governments’ paramount role in mainstreaming nature through political decision-making, and incentivizing all stakeholders into making environmental-friendly decisions in investment, business and consumption. In addition, it is essential for all countries to promote nature-based solutions in agricultural production and ensure all farmers can strengthen their resilience in adapting to the impacts of climate change and deliver more quality, healthy food in the market. Lastly, all highlighted the importance to rethink and connect the Rio conventions for delivering multi-beneficial actions on nature restoration and food system transformation.

Representatives of the three Rio conventions then provided their perspectives on the conventions’ principles, and underlined the importance to implement policies in a holistic and circular approach to account for the interlinkages between all environmental issues and social well-being.

Meeting: 2021 UN Food Systems Pre-Summit, Ministerial Roundtable on UN Food Systems Summit and Rio Conventions on Biodiversity, Climate Change and Desertification

Date/Location: Wednesday, July 28, 2021; 03:00-04:30; Red Room, Rome, Italy

Speaker:

Dr. Martin Frick, Deputy to the Special Envoy, Food Systems Summit Secretariat;

Mr. Jean-Yves Le Drian, Minister for Europe and Foreign Affairs, France;

Ms. Teresa Ribera Rodriguez, Minister for the Ecological Transition and the Demographic Challenge, Spain;

Dr. Thongplew Kongjun, Permanent Secretary of Ministry of Agricultural and Cooperatives, Thailand;

Mr. Christian Hofer, General-Director of the Federal Office for Agriculture, Switzerland;

Lord Zac Goldsmith, Minister for Pacific and the Environment Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA), United Kingdom;

Dr. Yasmine Fouad, Ministry of Environment, Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency, Egypt;

Prof. Dr. Rameesh Chand, Member of Nitiaayog, India;

Ms. Marije Beens, Vice Minister of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality, Netherlands;

Mr. Ibrahim Thiaw, United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD);

Ms. Elizabeth Mrema, Executive Secretary, Convention on Biological Diversity;

Ms. Patricia Espinosa, Executive Secretary, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC);

Dr. Inger Andersen, Chair, UN Task Force and Executive Director, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)

Written by: WIT-UN Intern Iris Sit

The Situation in the Middle East

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The Security Council met for its 7954th meeting on 30 May 2017. It addressed the situation in the Middle East, particularly in Yemen.

The meeting brought attention to the prevailing humanitarian situation in Yemen. The UN Special Envoy for Yemen Ismail Ould Cheikh Ahmed and the Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs Stephen O’Brien briefed the Security Council that Yemen was facing “the largest food security crisis in the world”, with 17 million people in need of food, of which 6.8 million just “one step away from famine.” Besides, half of all health facilities are now closed, and yet, the Yemeni people are still suffering from communicable and preventable diseases. The recent outbreak of cholera is also alarming. They both stressed that these threats were avoidable, subject to the international community’s support.

Meeting: 7954th Meeting of the Security Council – “The Situation in the Middle East”

Date/Location: Tuesday, May 30, 2017; 10:00-11:30; Security Council Chamber, United Nations Headquarters, New York, NY

Speakers: Ismail Ould Cheikh Ahmed, UN Special Envoy for Yemen; Stephen Rothwell O’Brien, UN Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs; Radhya Almutawakel, Chairperson, Mwatana Organization for Human Rights; Representatives of Bolivia, Uruguay, and Yemen

Written By: WIT Representative Jadice Lau

Finding Funds for the Syrian Refugees

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Syrian children sit on the ground in Domiz refugee camp, northern Iraq

    Today, Mr. O’Brien hosted a briefing in which he highlighted the need for greater funding to be allocated to Syrian refugees and internally displaced people within Syria. He began by stating that this year’s Syria response plan will require $3.2 billion in aid along with more flexible programming and preparedness to deal with immediate needs on the ground.  He also encouraged member states to attend the upcoming Syria Donors Conference that will be held in London in February and which aims to secure funding for long and short term initiatives related to getting children back in schools and adults back in the workforce in Syria.  

    Next, Mr. Grandi briefly spoke of the external components of the 3RP and emphasized that resilience is important for both refugees and host countries.  Additionally, he stated that despite worrying refugee trends, such as the increase in the sheer number of refugees and the increased pace of secondary movement from countries bordering Syria to European countries, assistance has been helpful to these populations.  He mentioned dedicating additional funding to particularly vulnerable refugees, such as unaccompanied minors and Palestinian refugees from Syria.  He concluded with urging member states to attend the upcoming conference in London.

    Lastly, Ms. Clarke urged greater funding for the 3RP in the areas of water and sanitation, infrastructure development, and small agriculture support, all of which will enable refugees and internally displaced people to support themselves. After the briefing, various representatives from Syria, UK, Norway, Sweden, Italy, Turkey, Kuwait, and Japan pledged their support for the conference in London.   Representatives from WFP, WHO, and FAO additionally spoke of the need for greater funding to address the food insecurity and lack of medical supplies within Syria.

Meeting: United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA): Briefing All Member States on the Syria Regional, Refugee, and Resilience Plan (3RP), the Humanitarian Response Plan (HRP), and the London Conference.

Date/Time/Location: Tuesday, January 12, 2016; 15:00 -16:00; Conference Room One

Speakers: Mr. Stephen O’Brien, The United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs’ Under-Secretary-General and Emergency Relief Coordinator (OCHA’S USG/ERC); Mr. Filippo Grandi, High Commissioner for Refugees; Helen Clarke, United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Administrator; Representatives from Syria, the United Kingdom (UK), Norway, Sweden, Italy, Kuwait, Japan, Turkey, the World Food Program (WFP), the World Health Organization (WHO), and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO).

Written By: WIT Representative Shubhangi Shukla

Photo Credit: Peter Biro/IRC

Green and Blue Growth: Protecting our Oceans and Ourselves

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During a meeting on Oceans Day, Professor Turley spoke about ocean acidification. Already, the ocean has absorbed 28% of atmospheric CO2 which is causing the pH of our water to decrease. By 2100, average increase in temperature of water will grow by +3.2C. Even with a CO2 target of 2 degrees, the ocean is still at a moderately high risk level. From the ocean’s perspective, the 2 degree target is more of an upper limit than an ideal goal.

Sir King stated that without further action after Paris, we are faced with risks from rising climate change and sea levels. Calcutta, New York, and Shanghai will not be livable if we continue to act as we are.

Dr. Jarraud said that the Philippines has 1.2 cm of sea level rise per year, much higher than global average. We need to develop risk service initiatives and strengthen ocean and atmosphere observation systems.

Dr. Semedo: Currently, fisheries support 10-12% of global population including many coastal communities. However, availability of modern fish is predicted to decrease by 40% in tropical countries. Her 3 priorities:

  1. Improve management and use of aquatic resources by implementing FAO code of conduct for responsible fishing.
  2. Develop well-planned and -managed sustainable agriculture.
  3. Strengthen resilience of fisheries and agriculture in coastal communities.

Ambassador Friday talked about investing in a blue economy. In the Caribbean, due to hurricanes, countries are experiencing a very high level of indebtedness. In Grenada, debt servicing is costing 40% of the operating budget every year. We need to get islands to where they have enough economic growth that they can adapt and invest in their own resilience. Grenada has come up with duplicatable investment ideas worth over 1 billion dollars, and wants to share them.

Addressing the Effects of Climate Change on Oceans and on Coastal and SIDS Populations: The Scientific Evidence, Scenarios, and Choices for Decisionmakers.

Dec 4, 2015, 12:05 – 1:00 PM, COP21, “Green Zone”, Le Bourget, Paris, France

Speakers: H.E. Dr. Angus Friday, Ambassador to the United States, Grenada; H.E. Ms. Yuriko Koike, Member, House of Representatives, Japan; Prof. Carol Turley, Plymouth Marine Laboratory, UK; Sir David King, Foreign Secretary’s Special Representative for Climate Change, United Kingdom; Dr. Michel Jarraud, Secretary General, World Meteorological Organization; Dr. Helena Semedo, Deputy Director GEneral, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; Dr. Braulio Ferreira de Souza Dias, Executive Secretary, Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat; Prof. Hans Portner, Co-Chair, Working Group II (Impacts and Adaptation), Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), and Professor, Marine Biology, Alfred Wegener Institute and University of Bremen

Written By: WIT Representative Alex Margolick

The New Frontier of Food Security

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Africa_Food_Security_15_(10665294293)

    The meeting opened with Ms. Barthelemy presenting notable points regarding the recent reports on agriculture development, food security, and nutrition. Not only is “sustaining rapid progress in reducing hunger” feasible, but “investing in sustainable food systems will benefit numerous other goals such as eradicating poverty and combating climate change.” A global political commitment to this endeavor is needed.

    From here the floor opened for statements. South Africa, on behalf of Group 77 spoke first. While there has been considerable progress made, there is still much to do as progress has been extremely uneven.

    Sierra Leone, on behalf of the African Group, noted that investment in sustainable agriculture has proven to be twice as effective as any other type in reducing poverty. They asked for specific assistance in eradicating child malnutrition which still is prevalent in many regions of the world, especially Africa.

    Bangladesh, on behalf of the Least Developed Countries, noted that the last 30 years have reduced malnutrition by 10%. Guyana, on behalf of Caricom, observed that the annual investment of $267 billion is needed to end hunger. Myanmar, on behalf of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, noted that over one billion people live in extreme poverty, and 75% of them live in rural parts of developing countries. Australia focused on its commitment to delivering an outcome on export competition.

    Having graduated out of the FAO World Hunger map, Brazil can demonstrate that “social protection measures help break the cycle of rural poverty and vulnerability, when combined with broader agricultural and rural development measures. Their “Zero Hunger Program”, Mexico’s “Cruzada Nacional Contra El Hambre” and Niger’s “3 N Initiative” must be increasingly shared as successful poverty-combating initiatives.

Meeting: 2nd Committee, 25th Session

Date/Location: 11/2/15, Conference Room 2

Speakers: Marion Barthelemy, Officer in Charge, Division of Sustainable Development, DESA; South African Representative; Mr. Sheku Mesali, Counsellor, Permanent Mission of the Republic of Sierra Leone to the United Nations; Mr. Andalib Elias, Counsellor, Permanent Mission of Bangladesh; H.E. Ambassador George Talbot, Permanent Representative of Guyana; H.E. U Kyaw Tin, Permanent Representative of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar; Senator Barry O’Sullivan, Cairns Group; Mr. Eyal Sela, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Israel; Nicaraguan Representative; Belarusian Representative; Ms. Cindy Eu, Delegate, Permanent Mission of Singapore; Russian Representative; Brazilian Representative; Qataran Representative; Sri Lankan Representative; Sudanese Representative; Mrs. Nicola Barker-Murphy, Counsellor, Jamaica; Gabonese Representative; H.E. Mr. Antonio Gumende, Ambassador and Permanent Representative of Mozambique; Chinese Representative; Thai Representative;  Japanese Representative; Mr. Mishaal K. Albannai, Third Secretary, Kuwait; H.E. Mr. Wilfried I. Emvula, Ambassador & Permanent Representative, Namibia; Mr. Jean-Francis Zinsou, Ambassador and Permanent Representative of Benin

Written By: WIT Representative Alex Margolick

Photo Credit: Stephen Morrison/AusAID

Second Committee: Agriculture development, Food Security and Nutrition

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Mr. Nikhil Seth, the Director of the Division for Sustainable Development, Department of Economic and Social Affairs (DESA) introduced the report that examined the progress made to date and the challenges that remain in eradicating hunger and malnutrition: sustainable increasing of agricultural production; reducing agricultural losses and waste; and ensuring that all food systems are sustainable. The report also aims to look ahead, highlighting the importance of food security, nutrition and sustainable agriculture in the proposed SDGs.

In terms of eradicating hunger and malnutrition, the report noted that, despite overall progress, large differences remain across developing regions. It also highlighted that the target does not capture the different dimensions of under nutrition. In terms of sustainably increasing agricultural productivity, the report noted that in order to avert future food crises, agricultural productivity must be increased.

The representative of Bolivia on behalf of the Group of 77 and China stated that the ‘State of Food Insecurity’ (SoFI) 2014 showed that advances in reducing world hunger require political commitment, which is expressed through appropriate policies, legal framework and resources. They reaffirmed that hunger is a violation of human dignity and called for urgent measures to be taken at the national, regional and international levels to eliminate it. They welcomed the implementation of the International Year of Family Farming by recognizing the important contributions of family farming and smallholder farming. Moreover, they called for immediate elimination of all forms of agricultural subsidies and other market-distorting measures taken by developed countries that are not in compliance with WTO rules. The representative of Guyana on behalf of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) stressed that activities in this area are critical in creating employment and entrepreneurial opportunities (especially for women and youths), in the sustainment of livelihoods, and in the reduction of the high incidence of NCDS.

The representative of Laos People’s Democratic Republic, on behalf of the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN), stated that they are of the view that the challenge of food and nutrition insecurity should be addressed in a sustainable manner in order to increase agricultural production and improve agricultural productivity by augmenting investment and technological improvement in the agricultural sector. The representative of the Kingdom of Tonga, on behalf of the Pacific Small Island Developing States, noted that climate change adaptation strategies relevant to food security and nutrition should be mainstreamed in all aquaculture and fisheries policies and actions at national and sub-national levels. The representative of the European Union and its Member States noted that through EU polices they strongly promote the multiplier role of the agricultural sector and the contribution that all actors can make. They welcomed the Malabo Declaration of 27 June of the African Union recommitting to agricultural development and resolving to triple intra-Africa trade in agricultural commodities and services by 2025.

Meeting: 24th and 25th meetings of the Second Meeting: Agriculture development, food security and nutrition [item 25]
Date: 28 October 2014
Location: Conference Room 2, UN Headquarters, New York.
Written by WIT Representative: Aslesha Dhillon

Edited by WIT Representative: Philip Bracey

Private Sector’s Current State of Play in the SDG Process

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masthead_resourcesDr Louise Kantrow opened the discussion by noting the paradigm transition from the MDGs to the SDGs, wherein the role of the private sector has grown. ICC coordinated the Global Business Alliance 2015, which brought together global and regional business organisations aimed at constructively engaging with the post 2015 process and the UN agencies. The key points from the private sector perspective are the following: effective governance, rule of law, and security are critical enablers to achieve the SDGs; poverty eradication involves economic growth and jobs creations; and therefore it is crucial to address the informal employment and low governance challenges arisen in many developing countries.

H.E. Jean-Francis Regis Zinsou recognised that the global environmental and social challenges should be addressed through mobilising private finance for SDGs, innovative and technologically advanced business models. There is a move in the approach of the private sector from maximising profits for shareholders to stakeholders and the planet should be considered a stakeholder. Ms Esin Mete, then addressed the importance of agriculture and rural development as primary drivers to address poverty reduction and food security.

Mr Vinicius Carvalho Pinheiro stated that 75 million young people are currently unemployed. It is imperative to not just address the quantity but the quality of jobs available. As economic growth does not automatically create jobs, the private sector is the core driver of jobs. He then addressed the critical need to create a safe environment for workers as every 15 seconds one worker is killed due to working accidents: making it a world epidemic.

Finally Ms Katharine Maloney underlined the fundamental beliefs of KPMG to explain their active participation in the consultations of the post 2015 agenda. First, they recognise the paradigm shift explained previously by Dr Louise Kantrow. Second profitability and developmental agenda are not mutually exclusive. Third, business and social values are inextricably linked. Fourth, the private sector can provide a lot more than money, for instance real ideas, innovation, technical know how and a lot more resources.

Meeting Title: Private Sector Briefing: Current State of Play in the SDG process
Speakers: Dr Louise Kantrow, ‎Permanent Representative to the United Nations at International Chamber of Commerce; H.E. Jean-Francis Regis Zinsou, Permanent Representative of Republic of Benin to the UN; Ms Esin Mete, Director General, IFA (International Fertilizer Industry Association); Mr Vinicius Carvalho Pinheiro, Deputy Director of the ILO Office for the United Nations; Ms Katharine Maloney, Director, Development and Exempt Organizations (DEO) Practice at KPMG LLP.
Date: 3 July 2014
Location: Conference Room 5, NLB, United Nations, New York.
Written by WIT Representative: Aslesha Kaur Dhillon

UN Agencies joining hands to bring about Sustainable Consumption and Production

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part 1- SCP-circle-picIn recognizing the cross-cutting nature in implementing sustainable consumption and production (SCP), the 10YFP Framework for Sustainable Development convened a panel to inform the community of the progress of implementation in various sectors. Ms. Alvarez-Rivero and Mr. Arden-Clarke opened the discussion by stating that the three-pillared nature of sustainable development means that no one single UN agency can take on the enormous task of promoting SCP alone, and the inter-linkage of different aspects necessitates the need of sharing of best practices among UN agencies.

Mr. Hoballah began by giving an account of the 10YFP programmes, ranging from sustainable construction to public procurement. Ms. Brennen-Haylock detailed the Food and Agricultural Organization’s work in promoting food sustainability. She highlighted the universality of this aspect of SCP, such that the food sustainability achieved by developed countries improved the food security of developed and developing countries alike. Ms. Jensen spoke on the role of sustainable lifestyle and sustainable development education, which involves not only encouraging reduction of consumption but also the instilling of the idea of responsible citizenship. She said that in achieving this massive change in attitude, cultivation of critical thinking skills is required so that future students can fabricate their tailored responses to the consumption problems of their time. Mr. Chung added that in implementing SCP at regional level, sharing of best practices and policy proposals is necessary to allow economies of diverse backgrounds to tailor-make their own responses to sustainable development.

One major question from the floor is whether the link between sustainable production and consumption pattern and the idea of planetary boundary have been integrated in the framework’s work in promoting the SCP. The panelists stated that while the earlier concept is well integrated in their work, lack of political impetus means the latter is yet to be a dominant concept.

Meeting Title: One UN for Sustainable Consumption and Production (SCP): joint action to implement the 10YFP agenda
Speakers: Ms. Birgitte Bryld Alvarez-Rivero, UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Co-Chair of the 10YFP Inter-Agency Coordination Group (IACG); Mr. Charles Arden-Clarke, Acting Head of the 10YFP Secretariat, United Nations Environment; Mr. Arab Hoballah, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Chief, SCP Branch; Ms. Sharon Brennen-Haylock, Director of FAO Liaison Office in New York Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Bringing Sustainable Food Systems in the 10YFP; Ms. Vibeke Jensen, Director of UNESCO New York Office, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO); Mr. Rae Kwon Chung, Director, Environment and Development Division, United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UN ESCAP)
Location: Economic and Social Council Chamber, United Nations Headquarters
Date: 30 June 2014
Written By WIT Representative: Harrison Chung
Edited by WIT Representative: Aslesha Dhillon

Nutrition as an Input and an Outcome of Resilience

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The concept of resilience and its practical application in food security and nutrition, both in policy formation and implementation, has recently become a topical issue among humanitarian development communities.

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Today at the United Nations, a panel discussion on nutrition aimed to propose approaches and develop a concrete action plan that can be taken to strengthen resilience towards the root causes of malnutrition. Building upon the discussion and conclusions from the IFPRI 2020 conference held in Addis Ababa, the event aimed to provide insights for the preparation of the Second International Conference on Nutrition (ICN2) and the post-2015 developmental agenda. 

Chairperson, Sandra Aviles opened the discussion by highlighting the importance of understanding the term resilience not as jargon, but as a term that is practically defined as a tangible indicator that can help communities bridge the gap between short term goals and long term developmental agendas.

Mrs. Florika focused her address on locating target communities that are most vulnerable to malnutrition. She stated that, “children below the age of five and pregnant and lactating women were among those that are the most severe targets of hunger needs”. In response, ECHO and OCHA are developing a system to index risk factors, develop key indicators, and resilience markers and identify best practices to provide humanitarian assistance to these communities with maximum output. Mrs. Dolores highlighted natural disasters as another factor that threaten food security. Crises prone regions of developing countries are often ill equipped with coping up with natural disasters, and at times such disasters occur with little time gap which further threatens food security and enhances health risks.

In conclusion, Mrs. Charlotte Dufour, drawing upon a programme conducted with ECHO that addressed the challenge of access to land as an underlying causes of malnutrition, highlighted some of the practical problems that schemes faced when tested on ground. She posited that institutional silos existed across and within institutions that hinder the establishment of a common language of indicators. Furthermore, while institutions possess technical skills they lack the organizational and planning skills that are required to initiate programmes in countries with fragile governments, weak leadership and high levels of corruption.

 

Meeting Title: “Nutrition as an input and an outcome of resilience”
Speakers: Sandra Aviles; Senior Liason Officer, Programme Development & Humanitarian Affairs, FAO; Mrs. Florika Fink-Hooijer, Director for Strategy, Policy and International Cooperation, ECHO; Mrs. Dolores Rio, Nutrition Specialist, UNICEF; Mrs. Charlotte Dufour, Nutrition Officer, FAO; Mrs. Muriel Calo, Senior Food Security & Livelihood Advisor, Action Against Hunger
Location: United Nations HQ, Conference Room 7 (NLB), New York 
Date: 23 June 2014
Written By WIT Representative: Apurv Gupta
Edited by WIT representative: Sophia Griffiths-Mark 

Water Scarcity and Management in Critical Condition

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A panel of experts provided vital information on the critical issue of water management and sustainability in today’s NGO-led briefing. Talking about water conservation, Sharon Megdal said that we should not only discuss technological solutions but we should think about ways in which individuals and smaller organizations can conserve water. The issues of persuasion and education, she said, especially the education of youth are important. Youth are an opportunity for the future, she emphasized. She also said that cooperation between states is the way forward for the water issue.

ImageMr. Lipchin explained the concept of chronic water scarcity. He said that the ability to meet basic needs for water and sanitation is below 500m3/capita/year. While noting that the Middle East is a region of water scarcity, he said that Israel, Jordan and Palestine are all below this threshold. Israel has been able to meet an increasing demand for water through desalination and treatment of waste water for agricultural use. Initially the idea of using treated waste water was thought to have an impact on crop yield due to the low quality of water. However, Mr. Lipchin said that there has been an increase in crop yield. He also highlighted a challenge that Israel and its neighbors face. Almost everything in the region in terms of water is transboundary. The Arab institute is trying to address this issue cooperatively, solving not only Israel’s problems but also of its neighbors, including Palestine and Jordan.

Mr. Siegel shed light on drip irrigation, a process invented by Israel. In drip irrigation, water is dripped on the roots and the rest of the field does not get irrigated because it is of no value. 75% of all irrigated fields in Israel use it. It improves the crop yield and addresses the issues of food security, carbon footprint, water scarcity and gender issues.

 

Meeting Title: Every Drop of Water Makes A Difference
Speakers: Joseph Hess, JNF Vice President, Government Relations; Sharon B. Megdal, PhD., Director, Water Resources Research Center, The University of Arizona; Clive Lipchin, PhD., Director, Center for Transboundary Water Management, Arava Institute for Environmental Studies; Seth M. Siegel, J.D., Co-founder of Beanstalk, Sixpoint Partners and Vringo, and writer on water issues.
Date: 19 June 2014
Location: Conference Room 4 (NLB), UN Headquarters New York
Written by WIT Representative: Shan Cheema
Edited by WIT Representative: Marli Kasdan